Those applying for US citizenship could face scrutiny from their neighbours, co-workers and wider communities as the US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) has formally laid out how it will conduct neighbourhood investigations during the naturalisation (citizenship) process.The new guidance, issued on Aug 25, took effect immediately and applies to citizenship applications pending on that date as well as those filed thereafter. Investigators may seek information from people who know the applicant, including neighbours, landlords, employers, co-workers, business associates, customers and others. The scope can be wide, covering an applicant’s family and marital history, social activities and associations, employment and business activities, financial obligations and reputation in the community.The inquiry may also examine criminal history, international travel and foreign activities, as well as current and previous residences. USCIS may assess an applicant’s credibility and truthfulness, loyalty to the US and respect for the principles in the US Constitution.As was reported earlier by TOI, USCIS had resumed such investigations in Aug 2025, after the practice had largely been abandoned in 1991. The latest guidance explains how the investigations may be used to corroborate information supplied by applicants and gather information that may not emerge from documents or the naturalisation interview.Also read: USCIS is empowered to conduct neighbourhood investigations for those applying for US citizenshipHowever, it should be noted that the investigations will not automatically apply to every applicant. USCIS said its ‘Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate’, in coordination with field operations, will decide whether an investigation should be conducted or waived based on an individualised and discretionary assessment of the case.USCIS added that information from members of the community can assist in determining whether an applicant meets citizenship requirements, including good moral character and being well disposed to the good order and happiness of the US.Applicants can voluntarily submit character-reference or testimonial letters with their Form N-400 application. USCIS says such letters, preferably from US citizens who are not family members, may be considered when deciding whether to waive a neighbourhood investigation. However, immigration attorneys point out that even if these letters are submitted, USCIS officials may still decide to speak to neighbours, co-workers, employers and others.For the Indian diaspora, which has navigated lengthy green card waits before becoming eligible for naturalisation, the prospect of a review extending beyond their application papers and citizenship interview could add a layer of uncertainty. Immigration attorneys believe that, by and large, a history of stable employment, regular tax payments and participation in their children’s school activities or the wider community could stand Indian applicants in good stead. However, the bottom line is that it remains to be seen how this new guidance will be enforced.